Even if auto giant General Motors goes into bankruptcy they still see their future survival tied to hydrogen cars. GM continues to parade its Chevy Equinox Fuel Cell SUV, which made an appearance in Tonawanda, New York recently.
And on May 15, 2009, GM plans to have a ride and drive day for its Chevy Equinox Fuel Cell in Southern California for members of its Project Driveway team. The problem for hydrogen car makers has always been a lack of supporting fueling stations nationwide.
But, according to Daniel O’Connell, GM’s director of fuel cell commercialization, “… the United States already produces enough hydrogen to run 130 million fuel cell cars each year, and that more than half of that hydrogen is used to remove sulfur from gasoline. If that gasoline is no longer needed, the hydrogen would be available to fuel cars and other machines.”
So, in a nutshell, there is no shortage of hydrogen in the U. S. right now. What we need to do it redirect the H2 from the refineries to the fueling stations. Hopefully GM will be around long enough to see this transition happen.
I fear that GM is overly focused on pursuing plug-in battery electric vehicles.
I don’t see the fuel cell Equinox being successful if GM doesn’t find a way to
make the fuel cell both cheap enough and reliable enough to compete with
the Honda FCX Clarity. The U.S. automakers don’t seem to be giving up on
platinum which is likely going to keep their fuel cell stacks in the exceedingly
expensive category. The Japenese on the other hand seem more than willing
to pursue carbon nanotubes and possibly other materials.
Here is the email exchange between me and Ken Brown revealing some problems with hydrogen carriers that are blocking their adoption for
automotive applications:
Michael,
We are aware of hydrnol. Assemblon is using an organic liquid to carry
hydrogen. Air Products had a similar project 3 years ago but have since
dropped it. We are not sure why they did it but it was probably because of
cost and that the temperature to release the hydrogen was too high to be
practical. I do not know the details of the physical characteristics of
hydrnol. It is hard to compare without the details but they are obviously
working on something similar to us.
Safe Hydrogen worked under a DOE contract from Jan 2004 to Jun 2008 to
explore the reaction of a magnesium hydride slurry with water and to see how
such a technology would work in an automotive application. In short, the
technology works, the gravimetric and volumetric densities are close to the
DOE’s 2010 goals, and the cost of a kg of hydrogen delivered could be
$4.50. Unfortunately, the DOE and the auto companies want to wait for a
technology that will meet the 2015 and later goals and our technology can
only meet the above cost on a mammoth scale–about 25% of the US auto fuel
market.
During our work on the DOE project, we found that we could discharge the
hydrogen from the slurry, not only with a water reaction, but by simply
heating it up. Also, the depleted slurry after it gave up its hydrogen can
be recharged. Therefore, we changed the direction of our R&D to building a
system to discharge and charge the slurry. The advantage is that the
hydrogen delivered can be at a low enough cost to compete with fossil fuel.
The chemical reaction is governed by a simple equation: MgH2 + heat = Mg +
H2. It takes 12 kg of Mg and about 8 kg of mineral oil to carry 1 kg of
hydrogen. That is about $35 worth of material. The material can be used
for many cycles (We have cycled a batch of slurry for 50 cycles with no
degradation and believe that it can be cycled many more times). If we
assume 100 cycles, than the material costs only $.35 per cycle. When you
add in labor, amortization of the systems for charge and discharge,
transportation, and a $1.25 per kg cost of producing H2, the total is about
$2.30 per kg. If the number of cycles is 1000, the cost drops below $2.00
per kg. A kg of H2 has the same energy content as a gallon of gasoline.
Plus you can use today’s liquid fuel infrastructure.
Problems arise when you place this rechargeable slurry on board an
automobile that is using a fuel cell. The slurry needs to be heated to 350
C to get the hydrogen out. The PEM fuel cells run at 80-100C which is not
hot enough. The only option would be to burn about 1/3 of the hydrogen to
provide the heat but that ruins the cost advantage against fossil fuel. A
better idea is to burn the hydrogen in an auto with an internal combustion
engine which has a lot of waste heat.
Having a slurry system, a hydrnol, or some other system on board an
automobile adds a layer of complexity that the auto companies shy away from.
That is why the have opted for high pressure H2 tanks (except for BMW with
LH2).
The use of hydrogen in large scale for transportation is way down the road.
We are targeting the backup power market and the electricity storage market
as areas where our slurry will see its first commercial applications. Once
proven in those markets, we will take another run at the auto market.
Ken Brown
Safe Hydrogen, LLC
508-251-0569
—– Original Message —–
From: “Michael Robinson”
To:
Sent: Tuesday, April 28, 2009 7:17 PM
Subject: How does this compare with hydrnol?
> Assemblon is a Redmond Washington based company that
> is developing hydrnol, another hydrogen carrier. It
> is an alternative to Magnesium Hydride Slurry. How
> do these two hydrogen carriers compare to each other?
>
> What is the cost of manufacturing Magnesium Hydride
> Slurry in terms of electricity and materials? What
> is the probability of the depleted slurry becoming
> contaminated? Why is the latest news story you
> have up 6-7 years old? Have you any idea why the
> auto manufacturers are still using compressed
> hydrogen gas or liquefied hydrogen in their fuel
> cell prototypes even though it boils off, the
> tanks are horrendously expensive, and it takes
> an excessive amount of energy to liquefy or compress
> hydrogen gas?
>
> Say you are asked to modify the Toyota Highlander FCV
> fuel cell vehicle that has a 518 mile range using 10k
> PSI hydrogen tanks. Could you install a Magnesium
> Hydride Reformation system in place of the tanks and
> still manage to achieve the 500 mile range? Would a
> reformation system be cheaper than a compressed gas
> system?
>
> What will be your first commercial application of
> slurry?
I’m impressed with Ken Brown’s response and maybe
we should all be a little encouraged that there is a possible
application for slurry in the near term. I’m curious how
the stationary fuel cell market is going as this sector may
eventually use technologies that will work on fuel cell cars.
I wish Ken Brown’s company had more information on hydrnol
as this would create competition and competition would bring
either hydrnol or magnesium hydride slurry to the point of being
useful on cars sooner. If fueling creates an exothermic reaction,,
I wonder if that heat energy can be stored and used to release
the hydrogen from the hydrogen carrier later? I believe with
solid metal hydrides that refueling them is typically an
exothermic reaction.